Science Showcase

Life and the human body

Honey from the bellies of bees

The leading naturalist of antiquity taught that bees only gather honey that is distilled from dew and falls from the air. The Quran says it comes from inside the bee.

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  • Science
  • History
  • Honesty

1The verse

1
Quran An-Nahl · 16:68–69

Bees are inspired to build homes, eat from all the fruits and follow their Lord's ways. "There emerges from their bellies a drink, varying in colors, in which there is healing for people."

وَأَوۡحَىٰ رَبُّكَ إِلَى ٱلنَّحۡلِ أَنِ ٱتَّخِذِي مِنَ ٱلۡجِبَالِ بُيُوتࣰ ا وَمِنَ ٱلشَّجَرِ وَمِمَّا يَعۡرِشُونَ ۝٦٨ ثُمَّ كُلِي مِن كُلِّ ٱلثَّمَرَٰتِ فَٱسۡلُكِي سُبُلَ رَبِّكِ ذُلُلࣰ اۚ يَخۡرُجُ مِنۢ بُطُونِهَا شَرَابࣱ مُّخۡتَلِفٌ أَلۡوَٰنُهُۥ فِيهِ شِفَآءࣱ لِّلنَّاسِۚ إِنَّ فِي ذَٰلِكَ لَأٓيَةࣰ لِّقَوۡمࣲ يَتَفَكَّرُونَ ۝٦٩

68 And your Lord inspired to the bee, "Take for yourself among the mountains, houses, and among the trees and [in] that which they construct 69 Then eat from all the fruits and follow the ways of your Lord laid down [for you]." There emerges from their bellies a drink, varying in colors, in which there is healing for people. Indeed in that is a sign for a people who give thought

2
Tafsir Tafsir Ibn Kathir · 16:69

Ibn Kathir says honey's colours (white, yellow, red and others) depend on the different things the bees eat.

And your Lord inspired the bee, saying: "Take you habitations in the mountains and in the trees and in what they (humans) erect. (68)"Then, eat of all fruits, and follow the routes that your Lord made easy (for you)." There comes forth from their bellies, a drink of varying colors, in which there is a cure for men. There is indeed a sign in that for people who reflect (69) In the Bee and its Honey there is Blessing and a Lesson What is meant by inspiration here is guidance. The bee is guided to make its home in the mountains, in trees and in structures erected by man. The bee's home is a solid structure, with its hexagonal shapes and interlocking forms there is no looseness in its combs. Then Allah decrees that the bee will have permission to eat from all fruits and to follow the ways which Allah has made easy for it, wherever it wants to go in the vast spaces of the wilderness, valleys and high mountains. Then each bee comes back to its hive without swerving to the right or left, it comes straight back to its home where its offspring and honey are. It makes wax from its wings, and regurgitates honey from its mouth, and lays eggs from its rear, then the next morning it goes out to the fields again. فَاسْلُكِي سُبُلَ رَبِّكِ ذُلُلًا (and follow the routes of your Lord made easy (for you)) Qatadah and 'Abdur-Rahman bin Zayd bin Aslam said: "This means, in an obedient way", understanding it to be a description of the route of migration. Ibn Zayd said that this is like the Ayah: وَذَلَّلْنَاهَا لَهُمْ فَمِنْهَا رَكُوبُهُمْ وَمِنْهَا يَأْكُلُونَ (And We have subdued them for them so that some they may ride and some they may eat.)(36:72) He said: "Do you not see that they move the bees' home from one land to another, and the bees follow them?" The first opinion is clearly the more likely, as it describes the routes that the bees follow, i.e., 'follow these routes as they are easy for you.' This was stated by Mujahid. Ibn Jarir said that both opinions are correct. يَخْرُجُ مِن بُطُونِهَا شَرَابٌ مُّخْتَلِفٌ أَلْوَانُهُ فِيهِ شِفَاءٌ لِّلنَّاسِ (There comes forth from their bellies, a drink of varying colors, wherein is healing for men.)[meaning, honey, that is] white, yellow, red, or of other good colors, depending on the different things that the bees eat. فِيهِ شِفَاءٌ لِّلنَّاسِ (in which there is a cure for men.) meaning there is a cure in honey for diseases that people suffer from. Some of those who spoke about the study of Prophetic medicine said that if [Allah] had said, 'in which there is the cure for men', then it would be the remedy for all diseases, but He said, 'in which there is a cure for men', meaning that it is the right treatment for every "cold" disease, because it is "hot", and a disease should be treated with its opposite. Al-Bukhari and Muslim recorded in their Sahihs from Qatadah from Abu Al-Mutawakkil 'Ali bin Dawud An-Naji from Abu Sa'id Al-Khudri that a man came to the Messenger of Allah ﷺ and said, "My brother is suffering from diarrhea". He said, اسْقِهِ عَسَلًا (Give him honey to drink.) The man went and gave him honey, then he came back and said, "O Messenger of Allah! I gave him honey to drink, and he only got worse." The Prophet ﷺ said, اذْهَبْ فَاسْقِهِ عَسَلًا (Go and give him honey to drink.) So he went and gave him honey, then he came back and said, "O Messenger of Allah! it only made him worse. " The Prophet ﷺ said, صَدَقَ اللهُ وَكَذَبَ بَطْنُ أَخِيكَ، اذْهَبْ فَاسْقِهِ عَسَلًا (Allah speaks the truth and your brother's stomach is lying. Go and give him honey to drink.) So he went and gave him honey, and he recovered." It is reported in the Two Sahihs from 'A'ishah, may Allah be pleased with her, that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ used to like sweet things and honey. This is the wording of Al-Bukhari, who also reported in his Sahih from Ibn 'Abbas that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said: الشِّفَاءُ فِي ثَلَاثَةٍ: فِي شَرْطَةِ مِحْجَمٍ، أَوْ شَرْبَةِ عَسَلٍ، أَوْ كَيَّةٍ بِنَارٍ، وَأَنْهَى أُمَّتِي عَنِ الْكَيِّ (Healing is to be found in three things: the cut made by the cupper, or drinking honey, or in branding with fire (cauterizing), but I have forbidden my Ummah to use branding.) إِنَّ فِي ذَٰلِكَ لَآيَةً لِّقَوْمٍ يَتَفَكَّرُونَ (There is indeed a sign in that for people who reflect.) meaning in the fact that Allah inspires this weak little creature to travel through the vast fields and feed from every kind of fruit, then gather it for wax and honey, which are some of the best things, in this is a sign for people who think about the might and power of the bee's Creator Who causes all of this to happen. From this they learn that He is the Initiator, the All-Powerful, the All-Wise, the All-Knowing, the Most Generous, the Most Merciful.

3
Tafsir Tafsir as-Sa'di · 16:69

As-Sa'di says honey comes out of the bees' bellies in different colours according to their land and pasture.

تفسير الآيتين 68 و69 :ـ في خلق هذه النحلة الصغيرة، التي هداها الله هذه الهداية العجيبة، ويسر لها المراعي، ثم الرجوع إلى بيوتها التي أصلحتها بتعليم الله لها، وهدايته لها ثم يخرج من بطونها هذا العسل اللذيذ مختلف الألوان بحسب اختلاف أرضها ومراعيها، فيه شفاء للناس من أمراض عديدة. فهذا دليل على كمال عناية الله تعالى، وتمام لطفه بعباده، وأنه الذي لا ينبغي أن يحب غيره ويدعي سواه.

2What classical scholars understood

  • Ibn Kathir

    Honey comes forth from the bees' bellies in white, yellow, red and other colours, "depending on the different things that the bees eat". He also describes the bee regurgitating honey from its mouth.

  • As-Sa'di

    Honey emerges from their bellies "in different colours according to the difference of its land and pastures", and contains healing for many illnesses.

3What science has established

Honey is made inside the bee's body. Foragers carry nectar in the crop (honey stomach), where enzymes are added that break sucrose down into simpler sugars. The nectar is then passed mouth to mouth and concentrated in the hive.

Honey varies widely in colour, from very light to dark (white, yellow, amber, brown and others). Its colour is influenced by the honey's botanical origin, meaning the plants whose nectar the bees collected.

Honey has well-documented antibacterial activity, largely from hydrogen peroxide produced by an enzyme in honey, together with its low pH and high sugar content.

4What was known in the 7th century

Aristotle, the most influential naturalist before modern times, wrote in History of Animals (Book V, part 22) that honey is "distilled from dew" and falls from the air at the risings of the constellations or when a rainbow is in the sky. In his view the bee "does not make" honey but only gathers it. Beekeepers of the ancient world knew that honeys differ in colour and taste from place to place, so that part was not new.

Why it is remarkable

The verse says the drink comes "from their bellies". That is where modern biology locates honey-making, in the forager's honey stomach, where enzymes begin turning nectar into honey. It is also the opposite of the teaching of the most respected authority on animals at the time. The verse also links the varied colours to what the bees feed on, which fits the chemistry of honey.

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